The Secrets of Harry Bright :: essays research papers

The Secrets of Harry Bright by Joseph WambaughThis book is titled, The Secrets of Harry Bright by Joseph Wambaugh. It was published in 1985. I have represent other novels by Joseph Wambaugh. He is a very intriguing author. He has a way of capturing his audience that is par solelyeled with few authors. In essence, he relates his writings to everyday life woven into crime, drugs and sex. It appeals to a more mature audience, which can appreciate Wambaughs rough portrayal of urban life. My first thought of the book was it lacked historical significance. Upon further thought it became apparent to me that history isnt simply war or catastrophes its an accumulation of everything that has preceded the time we live now. This novel made galore(postnominal) references to Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter and even William McKinley. It also viewed America as it was in the 1980s. A time sometimes forgotten or often neglected to be menti singled. through with(predicate) this novel you begin to gra sp this time period and develop a sense of appreciation for it, because it did take place and is apart of our history. I believe Joseph Wambaugh is one of the forerunners in enlightening the American Public on a period, which deserves more recognition. And I believe strongly that Wambaugh set out to highlight this decade in our history and he most certainly succeeded. Mineral Springs and Palm Springs, two cities near Los Angeles, is the setting of this novel. A wealthy businessman named Victor Watson has hired to LAPD detectives to shed light on his son, John Watsons, year-old murder case. John was shot and killed in his fathers Rolls Royce that was in flames when investigators arrived on the scene. No leads were ever formed and this case was never work and eventually put to rest. Victor couldnt deal with the stress of his sons death, because even though he was a multi-millionaire he had lost all those he loved and was contemplating suicide. Sidney Blackpool was mentioned to be a top-notch detective and certainly the man for the job. Victor offers Blackpool a two-week, luxury vacation, and is free to do investigating as he pleases. Blackpool enlists the help of his old friend Otto Stringer. Mineral Springs police department, which consists of nine men, decides to lend the two detectives any resources they need concerning the murder. They basically follow a couple of fucking leads, play a few rounds of golf, and soak up the peace and quiet of their surroundings.

Value of Color and Light in Henrik Ibsens Wild Duck :: Henrik Ibsen Wild Duck Essays

The Value of Color and Light in Henrik Ibsens Wild Duck In the Wild Duck, Henrik Ibsen begins his play by emphasizing the value of colorize and light. He uses the theme of light to severalise Old Werle, a stingy rich man, with Old Ekdal, a poor helpless man. Ibsen connects the color green with the deviation of eyesight of Old Werle. A possible affair between Old Werle and Gina, Hedvigs mother, may suggest the cause of Hedvigs loss of sight. By using sun and moon, Ibsen establishes the atmospheric state of the scene. The story line deteriorates from peaceful to tragic. Similarly, does the setting in the last four acts. In the Wild Duck, Henrik Ibsen employs the image of light to portray certain characteristics in society to construct the plot and to adjust the mood of the scene. F.L. Lucas analyzes the opening arrangement and writes In the outer fashion the lamps are dimmed, with green shades, in contrast to the brilliance of the room behind(190). We understand that this meant that the outer room, lit with soft and shaded light, implies poverty, where as the inner room, illuminated with bright candles, expresses wealth. The darkened room, insinuating poverty, is the office in which the poor Old Ekdal does just about extra copying, and in return receives a small income. The inside room, representing wealth, is Old Werles dining room where he was hosting a party. The distinctions of these two lit rooms contrast Old Ekdal and Old Werle. In contrast to Werles party, the lighting is of comparative poverty on the table a lighted lamp(190), explains critic, F.L. Lucas. Unlike Old Werles expensive and exquisite illumination, a small inexpensive lamp lights the Ekdals home, displaying poverty. This dissimilarity shows another significant distinction between Old Werle and Old Ekdal. The distinctions of the light between Old Ekdals and Old Werles homes is illustrated in the hobby incident.It is brought to the readers attention that in the following quotation Old W erle and Old Ekdal were partners in crime. Old Werle escaped by the skin of his teeth, while they sentenced Old Ekdal to prison. This incident resulted in total hatred toward Old Werle for his poor aid to Old Ekdal. Being that Werle had a vast amount of money, Old Ekdal, Hjalmar, and Werles son, Gregers felt tremendous feelings of animosity. Gregers recognized the miserable realise his father has given to the Ekdals.

Free Hamlet Essays: An Eye for an Eye :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

An Eye for an Eye in Hamlet Claudius is justly punished for the murder of king Hamlet. The penalty fits the crime because his brothers son killed him. King Hamlet killed by the brother killed by the kings son. He was murdered. It was pay back, what goes around comes around an eye for and eye and a tooth for a tooth What these two quotes are mainly saying is that you get what you give. Claudius took his brothers life therefore his life was taken away. non only did Claudius kill his brother to marry his married woman and take over his throne, exclusively he caused the lasts of the queen, king Hamlet, Polonius and Ophelia. Hamlet was told by the ghost of king hamlet to get back at Claudius for his death, or his mortal will travel on earth forever. Even before hamlet knew about Claudius killing his father he had problems. It made hamlet mad that his overprotect would marry so fast and with his uncle. What Claudius did was an outrageous, back stabbing, and unbelievable thing. It wa s clearly an act of jealousy for his brothers throne and the wife. Claudius did pay back for his actions. Claudius lost his wife, his messenger, and occurd and even after his death kept loosing because he lost his castle to Fortinbras. Not only was Claudius punished by Hamlet but graven image also punished him. The reason that God punished Claudius, is because everyone he cared for and who helped him died. Polonius and Queen Gertrude. Polonius was killed by hamlet, when hamlet thought that he had killed the king. Claudius killed queen Gertrude with the poison whine that he had prepared for hamlet. He killed the one he loved instead of the one he wanted to kill. Claudius was even punished after death. His throne and whole castle was taken over by Fortinbras. Not only where his wife and friend dead, but he later died himself by his brothers son. Claudius killed and his turn to die came, but it took some time and other people to die too. Claudius was punished for the queens death because although he did not intentionally mean to kill her, he watched her drink the poison that he had prepared for hamlet. He knew that she was going to die, but he didnt say anything because he was all for himself.

Ordinary Feelings in Judith Guests Ordinary People :: Judith Guest Ordinary People Essays

Ordinary Feelings in Ordinary People Ordinary People is a book that examines the life of a typical American family that seems to have it completely together. It exposes the major conflicts among them pain, misunderstanding, hurt, forgiveness, and ultimately if possible improve. Conrad - with the story told mostly through his perspective, he being the one furthering the resulting course of events and at the same time the protagonist and opposer ? is the main character of the story. While boating on a lake with his older brother, a fierce gale picks up capsizing their boat and eventually leading to the destruction of his brother when he drowns. A failed suicide attempt by Conrad reveals how much he blames himself for the tragic turn of events and the lack of communication between him and his parents. The process of healing is painfully slow till the end. Conrad visits a psychiatrist, the conflict with his mother continues to grow and he somewhat patches up the relat ionship with his father. In the very end, Conrad learns he cannot tack his dead brother and can only be himself he is prepared for whatever might come. There are many important themes and subjects addressed in the book. Most importantly is how Conrad deals with his emotions and comes to accept and forgive what has happened to him. And the author shows us that this can only be done by love, support, and trust. Conrad thinks by not expressing his emotions he is less(prenominal) vulnerable but instead he drifts farther apart from his family. The ordeal of attempted suicide and treatment has left him feeling insecure and vulnerable and he instinctively puts up shields. Trying to appear calm and determined on the outside, he is still very confused, angry and is afraid he slip away(predicate) again only to kill himself. He still feels responsible for his brothers death due to the fact his mom doesnt want to forgive him and the only way to punish himself is to deny, suppre ss, and control his feelings lest they give him away. It is not until the very end when Conrad?s father, Calvin finally stops skirting around the subject but tells him that he loves him and that they finally expand a sense of trust and security in one another -

Techniques and Outcomes of Germ-line Gene Therapy Essay -- Biology Med

The Relative Positives and Negatives Behind the Techniques and Outcomes of Germ-line Gene TherapyAbstractEver since the idea of altering the human genome was created through the research of germ-line component therapy, advocates and protestors entered into contention with one another. Supporters of the new technology designate about the benefits of germ-line therapy. Humans have the right to scientific inquiry, especially if it is beneficial to mankind. However, their counterparts claim that the difficulty and nameless side effects (coupled with a few unsuccessful and fatal trials) will cause damage greater than any potential good. Furthermore, some even argue with the ethical issues resultant of a possible eugenics movement. Despite level of intellect or personal opinion about the issue, the new, viable chance for germ-line elementtic therapy has cursorily become a major issue of controversy.Since the dawn of time, man has striven to postpone death while increasing his quality o f life. In 1991, human medicine unresolved an entire new horizon when Ashanti DeSilva became the first person in the world to receive gene therapy for her illness (Gene Therapy Turns 10, 2001). Doctors managed to add a critical gene that allowed her to lift the then absent (and essential) adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme. However, because only somatic cells are effected, this practice only has partial success, as DeSilva still needs to take weekly injections of the DNA. Thus, the idea of germ-line gene therapy was born. Germ-line therapy, the altering of embryonic and sex cells of the body, allows all of the new cells in the body to contain DNA along with all future offspring produced by that individual. With the tactile sensation that germ-line altering could soon become a... ... Human Gene Therapy, (volume 5). 151-152.Kittredge, Clare. (2005). Gene therapyunder the microscope again some investors show new interest in gene therapy, contempt the latest scare. The Scientist, (vo lume 19). Page 14.McLaren, Anne. (1998). Problems of germline therapy. Nature, (volume 392). 645.Wadman, Meredith. (26 March 1998). Germline Gene Therapy must be spared excessive regulation. Nature. 30 July 2005 http//www.nature.com/cgi- taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v392/n6674/full/392317a0_r.html&filetype=&dynoptions=Willgoos, Christine. (2001). FDA regulation an coiffe to the questions of human cloning and germline gene therapy. American Journal of Law & Medicine, (volume 27), page 101.Wivel, Nelson A. et al. (1993). Germ-Line Gene Modification and Disease Prevention Some Medical and Ethical Perspectives. Sciences, (volume 262). Pages 533-538.

Techniques and Outcomes of Germ-line Gene Therapy Essay -- Biology Med

The Relative Positives and Negatives Behind the Techniques and Outcomes of Germ-line Gene TherapyAbstractEver since the idea of altering the human genome was created through the research of germ-line divisor therapy, advocates and protestors entered into contention with one another. Supporters of the sensitive technology argue about the benefits of germ-line therapy. Humans have the right to scientific inquiry, especially if it is beneficial to mankind. However, their counterparts claim that the difficulty and unknown side effects (coupled with a few unsuccessful and fatal trials) will cause damage greater than any potential good. Furthermore, some even argue with the ethical issues resultant of a possible eugenics movement. Despite level of intellect or personal opinion about the issue, the new, viable chance for germ-line genetic therapy has quickly sire a study issue of controversy.Since the dawn of time, man has striven to postpone death while increasing his quality of life. In 1991, human medicine opened an entire new vista when Ashanti DeSilva became the first person in the world to receive gene therapy for her illness (Gene Therapy Turns 10, 2001). Doctors managed to add a critical gene that allowed her to produce the then absent (and essential) adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme. However, because whole somatic cells are effected, this practice only has partial success, as DeSilva still needs to take weekly injections of the DNA. Thus, the idea of germ-line gene therapy was born. Germ-line therapy, the altering of embryonic and wind up cells of the body, allows all of the new cells in the body to contain DNA along with all future offspring produced by that individual. With the notion that germ-line altering could soon become a... ... Human Gene Therapy, (volume 5). 151-152.Kittredge, Clare. (2005). Gene therapyunder the microscope again some investors show new interest in gene therapy, despite the latest scare. The Scientist, (volume 19). Page 14.M cLaren, Anne. (1998). Problems of germline therapy. Nature, (volume 392). 645.Wadman, Meredith. (26 inch 1998). Germline Gene Therapy must be spared excessive regulation. Nature. 30 July 2005 http//www.nature.com/cgi- taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v392/n6674/full/392317a0_r.html&filetype=&dynoptions=Willgoos, Christine. (2001). FDA regulation an answer to the questions of human cloning and germline gene therapy. American Journal of Law & Medicine, (volume 27), page 101.Wivel, Nelson A. et al. (1993). Germ-Line Gene Modification and Disease Prevention Some Medical and Ethical Perspectives. Sciences, (volume 262). Pages 533-538.

Why My Education Is Important

Why My Education is Important? I often dream about having a successful career in the profession world, but to achieve this goal, I must have an tuition. Education is extremely important to me. In the business world, success depends on lots of knowledge. In my opinion, education is the foundation of life, and it also increases my knowledge around the world. However, the most important thing about education is that education opens up the window of opportunities. The world of business is a very complicated place in which to survive.For example the stock market can change its mood all(prenominal) single day. What I remember by that is, a stock can change its value at any moment. People who are involved in the stock market suck out between becoming poor or becoming rich. To be able always to stay on the winners side, I need lots of education. Education aids me to make good decisions in the business world and for my life. Not just in business, education will also benefit me througho ut my life, personally and socially. An education should help me to have less financial problems. It will enable me to become independent.My educational experiences have provided me with many opportunities to solve problems in every day life. The education which I have received in history classes,for instance, has provided me with cultural information from every country. I believe education will help to build a beat of people who will be important to me in my career in the future. In summary, why education is important to me? Education helps me to understand the business world. It prepares me for a better future and numerous other things of which at this time I am unaware.The most important reason education is so important to me is that education opens windows for me and it gives me opportunities for a better quality of life. My parents and many of my teachers (Mrs. Kirker, Coach Bowman and many more) care about my education. They explain why education is important to me almost eve ry time they have a chance. As a responsible teenage adult, I need to focus on my education and elevate my educational level, so that my chances of having a difficult future will be less

Internal Competition A Curse for Team Performance

T fitting of Content Introduction1 Question 1 What atomic number 18 the nonadaptive characteristics of the FIS render? 1 Question 2 What type(s) of appointment did the squad experience? pardon your answer. 3 Question 3 Is the forgetful crowd outgrowth process a consequence of dysfunctional characteristics? Explain your answer. 6 Question 4 What course concepts contri onlyed to the aggroups exercise failure? Explain your answer. 8 Question 5 What should the cutting group attractor do? 9 Bibliography12 Introduction Internal competition A curse for a police squad execution.As the title indicates this assignment describes in essence a prehistoric dilemma that dates back to the origins of the human being. The individual and his eternal struggle for a better life. How individual goals are achieved and the question weather to go alone or to be a part of a group? What is the best way forward?. This is a shimmy to the highest degree the ego. The backdrop is the Indian co mpany called FIS, a business process outsourcing unit specialized in consulting and financial advisory. It is persisting on a run into for a US based client pattern and creating training modules for ERP implementation.The FIS aggroup performance management is largely grounded in a three level appraisal corpse that is obviously designed to increase the potential of the police squad. The outcome is to ensure solid image completion and customer satiscircumstanceion. Needless to say that did non happen and the get a line perishs plagued by indwelling rivalry, poor attractorship, poor coordination among other(a) things that ultimately leads to a failure. Our mission is in short to explain in relevant terms why we think this happened and last describe how it could be prevented to happen again.Working in a gathering and striving for a putting green goal stub be challenging as this paper will demonstrate. We as a group did clearly experience many of the same concepts that characterize the FIS case when running(a)(a) on this assignment. However as this paper demonstrates, we drew on the recently gained organizational behavior (OB) knowledge and resolved it in peace and harmony. The context of the case is described in the following paragraph and organizational chart. Steven Fernandez is the man Resources Manager who is shortly introduces in the beginning of the case.He is playing a minor role with regard to the group conflicts collectible to the fact that he is not at heart the aggroup at the clients site. His subordinate is Pete Philly who is described as an easygoing roam manager. As a team drawing card was Sai Rishi selected who is lower ranked than Philly but is the chief of the other four team members Nirmal Sara, Shri Shalini, Lia Aarthi as well as Abey Sidharth. The following sections will introduce into the numerous types of conflicts and their consequences. Question 1 What are the dysfunctional characteristics of the FIS send off?In order to point out the main problem one git say that the team neither works expeditiously nor effectively. The result is an miserable group development process. In the following paragraphs we want to show a hoi polloi of examples in order to explain which dysfunctional characteristics of the FIS project cause the spoiled team performance and why these aspects lead to the failure of the project. The aim-back thing to mention is the intra-group competitiveness. In our opinion the reason for this internal competition is the evaluation administration.Employees promotion, contend and future prospects depend on the ranks and feedback from the project manager. There are three levels in an appraisal (a) below expectations, (b) met expectations and (c) exceeded expectations. This everyplace simplified grading system does not work because it only focuses on the individual performances of separately team member regardless of the team performance as a full-page. For a group projec t it should be more relevant to spotlight the result or rather the success of the task and the customer satisfaction.Another issue in this case is that the evaluation system is based on only three categories. Hence every team member tries to r severally the highest category (exceeded expectations) in order for promotion and high wages. This leads to that distributively individual team member tries to lower the performance of the other team members to highlight his or her own performance. All together it constricts team development and performance as well as project success. Achieving individual goals is seen as more important to some team members than the team goal finishing the task stretching the best outcome as possible.Therefore it grows a entropy filtering in the midst of team members. Some team mates hesitate to share information and restrain their work results in order to work advantages against their colleagues. As an example Sara needs information from Sidharth, bu t he puts her off claiming it took him a long time to find this text files and Sara should twisting the same time of searching on it. Otherwise he shares the information with one of his group mates. Finally some of the team members or rather footling groups of the team stuck in a rivalry mind cook.For this reason the team is not able to create a common vision or a disembodied spirit of corporate identity and to share common ideals. In general for every project a new team has to be set up. Team members pass to get acquainted to each other. This bum lead to bad team performance. In this case the problem is that if spate feel worked together and know each other well, they tend to form little groups inside the groups which cause a kind of group thinking. As well as if the size of the team changes over time it is hard for new people to conflate into the existing group.For example those team mates who have worked together in previous projects, separate themselves from the team through being together without involving other members into their small group during the breaks. It is especially a problem in this case because after two month of already working on the project, several new members joint the team. To sum up one can say that there is a lack of group activities and finally very low cohesiveness between the team members. A further fundamental factor causing the bad performance of the team and the failure of the project is a lack of behavioral norms.Members of the group gossip about other team mates. It can be seen in the case that the team leader Rishi is talking to the project manager Philly and claims that Sara is not talented enough to prepare courses curriculums. Besides the gossiping there is as well a way of bullying existing. For instance Philly accuses Sara in front of the whole team by stating that she misses deadlines although that actually is not true. In add togetherition to that he corners Sara through advancing deadline dates. Relatin g to the lack in behavioral norms it is also important to bring up the differences in status of working.Philly counts very lax to answer emails, to take important phone calls and to take care of the needs of the team. This attitude costs the team late hours in the office to meet the deadlines. As a consequence the team feels irritated which has a bad influence on the motivation and causes frustration. The main task or function of the project manager or at least of the team leader is representing a role dumbfound and avoiding the problems mentioned before. However they reinforce the trouble because of a huge lack of leadership. As outlined before the attitude of Phillys work is not appropriate as well as his behavior to Sara.Regarding convenient conference and coordination Philly and Rishi fail. The poor coordination waxs through a wrong composition of the team. The performance as individuals is high but the team performance is low repayable to the reasons that are explained abo ve. Concerning to the case the proper execution of Phillys and Rishis tasks is not ensured. Instead of focusing on his team leading field Rishi unendingly does Phillys work. Philly relies on the results given by Rishi in place of checking the work and to pay attention to success of the whole project.One of the reasons for the low level of communication for example is that a few members are even reluctant to reveal the details about their own work and do not integrate new team members. All in all the lack of guidance, low cohesiveness and all the other dysfunctional characteristics lead to misunderstandings, suspicion and disagreements among the team. Question 2 What type(s) of conflict did the team experience? Explain your answer. Regarding to question one we now want to show the different types of conflicts that took place. At first we have to define what is meant when we talk about conflict. Conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two or more independent parties who p erceive incompatible goals, scare resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals. A conflict can have either positively charged or banish effects. Constructive conflicts are helpful to achieve goals dysfunctional conflicts are in all probability more destructive due to emotions and differences between two parties. In the explanation below we focus on different types of dysfunctional conflicts and the reasons for these conflicts which we can find in the case study.The first important conflict arises from the organizational structure which causes a structural conflict. Those types of conflicts result from either structural or process characteristics of an organization. Further it can be divided into two different categories, vertical and horizontal. The latter one occurs between groups at the same organizational level. Vertical conflicts take place between employees on different hierarchical levels. The evaluation system in the case causes vertical conflicts on t he one hand and horizontal conflicts on the other hand. The feedback system is not well rganized because there are only three appraisal categories that can be achieved. Only one of them is probably seen as a positive assessment by employees. Rishis promotion depends on Phillys feedback to him and simultaneously he is concerned of the performance of Sara. Hence, he tries to lower down her performance to highlight his own work. That can be seen as a vertical structural problem as well as the matter of fact that he forever show compliance to Philly or even do Phillys tasks. The evaluation system also causes horizontal conflicts. The internal competition increases due to the lack of specialization of appraisal categories.Employees might have only a low chance to get promotion or wage rises because they are probably not able to reach the only positive feedback. This is a reason for frustration and strategic behavior. Instead of working together for the team success some team members tr y out to highlight individual performance through undermining the work of their colleagues. This structural horizontal conflict is also observable for the example of Sara. Her position is a junior developer, but actually she seems to have more experiences than other team members. This is probably one reason that other team members try to undermine her performance.This is especially illustrated in the fact that Sidharth and other colleagues reveal important information which will be explained in detail later on in this chapter. To sum up in this case there is a lack of explanation of feedback as well as unsuitable and not well differentiated appraisal categories. Due to those examples one could tardily imagine that the to the highest degree of all other types of conflicts are related to these aspects explained before in some way. A conflict of interest occurs because of incompatible needs or competition over resource constraints.This type can be subdivided into three different sour ces substantive, procedural and psychological issues. Our case deals with time, physical resources and in the broader sense with cash which are substantive aspects. The individual interest like promotion, pay hike and own reputation of Rishi are more important for him than the team success. Hence, he always humors Philly and does Phillys work rather than using his time appropriately through focusing on his main duty leading the team to success and looking for after the needs and tasks of the team members.This is also a kind of task conflict which is illustrated in the next step. Concerning the physical resources one can discover that people refuse to share resources and critical information. Not only that Sidharth refuses to share his inventorys with Sara but also some members of the team are even averse to reveal their working results, because they are afraid that other team members get the laurels for their work. A task conflict occurs over a disagreement about tasks or goals. Referring to the FIS project the employees expect appropriate work from project manager Philly.However Philly is very lax in managing his tasks. As expressed above he needs a lot of time to answer emails and is often refused to take significant phone calls to the customers. Besides he is very careless checking the course material before it is submitted to clients. Nevertheless it can also be classified as a differing process goal when people have for example a disagreement about how to accomplish a task. Otherwise this topic is also interrelated to a conflict regarding different values which accrue when individuals or teams have an unequal understanding of values, worldviews or legitimate other aspects.As one can see from the example explained above the project manager and the team members seems to have diverse attitude concerning accomplishing their work. Sara and Shalini are very affiliated to the project whereas Philly seems to be not very much engaged. This causes long workin g hours and struggling to meet deadlines which lead to frustration and demotivation among the team. This matter of fact can be dangerous for the success of the project. An organization needs high motivated employees which are more likely productive in doing their work faster and in higher quality.Besides the different values and attitudes to work there is another big disagreement about a process goal. This so-called process conflict takes place because the first potation of the results of the course material reaches the client. However this is not the correct procedure. Regarding the process description the first draft is only an overview or a sketch. It is not a final version and therefore it should not be handed over to the client. After reworking the first draft, the second draft should be send to the team leader, Rishi, for review.Afterwards the final draft has to be checked by project manager, Philly. When the final review is completed the the material is delivered to the trai ning leader. First mistake is that Rishi send the first draft to Philly, even though he should have only submitted the second draft to Philly. The second huge failure is that Philly deliver the first draft to the client without checking the material. In this aspect there is also a task as well as the value conflict included. As explained beforehand Philly always relies on Rishis working results and he has a lax attitude of work concerning fulfilling his tasks.Another reason that could have happened is poor communication because if the team members as well as the superiors would exchange entropy and talk to each other in an appropriate way they could avoid such mistakes. The result of the poor communication within the team is that there are many information conflicts. This type of disputes occurs when needed information is missing, misinterpreted or rather interpreted differently, not correct or when there are disagreements about the relevance of certain data. As a role model Phill y should not take so much time to answer emails. Sidharth refuse to share an important document with Sara.As already mentioned as well a few members are even reluctant to reveal the details about their own work. These examples for informational conflicts are also reasons for debates, arguments due to confusion in the integration issue of their individual work results. At least it leads to misunderstandings, clashes and finally chaos. All these issues are drivers of several relationship conflicts. Interpersonal differences arise due to inconsistencies or controversies between people within teams. Referring to the FIS project there are many examples of interpersonal differences.One of the momentous issues are that a small group of team members knowing each other in advance are not willing to integrate new people into the team. That leads to formation of subgroups and finally to a lack of inclusion and cohesiveness. A second example is the dysfunctional characteristic that for some tea m members the individual success expressed in the appraisal rating is more important than project development, team success and customer satisfaction. For instance Rishi claims about Saras weak work to Philly, to emphasize his own work. However Saras commitment to the project is very high.Philly trusts and believes in Rishis opinion and statements, though he also begins to bully Sara. He passes the buck to Sara blaming her in front of the whole team she would always miss deadlines. Actually struggling to meet deadlines is caused through Phillys lackadaisical attitude to work. However Sara first tries to avoid the conflict and boil down on her job but she is inwardly frustrated and demotivated. Later she tries to talk to Rishi about Phillys behavior expecting him to help her as a team leader. except he shows compliance to Philly and denies supporting her. Again this is a ack of leadership he does not take care to needs of his team. All in all it seems to be clear that the organizat ional structure of the evaluation system is responsible for the most of the dysfunctional conflicts. Some of the team members are working more as individuals or in mini-groups within a team not realizing that this project requires integrating individuals work to one big figure. Though all stuck in a rivalry mindset and the possible failure of the project is predictable. Question 3 Is the poor team development process a consequence of dysfunctional characteristics? Explain your answer.In the previous chapters was outlined that the project team had to face a lot of different conflicts. The sum of these conflicts led to the low team performance and a team development which cannot be seen as exemplary. The advent of this poor team development process can be seen in the selection of the several team members. Based on communication skills, experience, appraisal and fitting to the project requirements a global team is set up (out of Americans and Indians), regardless if the team members fi t to each other or not. When people have to work in a group there are two possible forms possible workgroups and teams.They differ in various aspects. Workgroups tend to follow individual goals and are focused on their individual tasks. The interdependence is low and social skills are rather not important. Whereas team members are following a common goal and are focused on their collective goal. Analyzing the project team of FIS Consulting services it seems to be rather a workgroup than a team. Team members differ in their individual working styles. Sara and Shri Shalini are very well performing employees with excellent appraisals. Their elder Philly had a different onset to get work done.For instance he refused important inquiries from clients also his long response time. This differing process goals, differing values as well as interpersonal differences are one cause for the dysfunctional conflict which supports the team development process in a negative way. Any process gain whi ch can be derived out of the team work will be offset through these differences. In the end all the advantages which team work implicate (better performance for instance) have vanished. Another source of dysfunctional conflict is the resource constraints. Specific team members refused sharing resources as well as crucial data.What also happened was the duration of information gathering. As mentioned above it takes several days to get an answer of Philly and Abey Sidharth required two days to obtain critical data. These kinds of action are not respectable if a team has to complete a task. Instead of collaborating they undermine each others work. On one site this hinders an efficient goal attainment and on the other hand it offends other team members. If the work of one team member is questioned causelessly time and again the performance and enthusiasm of this person will decrease significantly. In the worst case this behavior will be acquired by other colleagues.This is especially f ostered group formation. This means that within the whole group several smaller groups are formed. In the company FIS Project Services this happens a lot due to previous project work. If for instance a duo has worked together for a long time and then is integrated into an existing team consisting out of six people. The duo tends to stick together and is reluctant to integrate other team mates. This group forming is very well illustrated in the case. Certain subgroups have lunch together but not the team as a whole. The entire project lacks team building events, like going to photos or a common breakfast at the hotel.Furthermore it is essential for effective teams that they have or develop group cohesiveness which is very beneficial if the team targets a common goal. Group cohesiveness ensures that team members have the feeling that their character and their work is appreciated within the team. That increases the performance because the employee has an intrinsic motivation to push t he project forward. People can count on each other and work hand-in-hand very efficient. For the FIS project team this example is unfortunately not the case. People cannot rely on others and they do not have the feeling that they are going into the same direction.The team is not cohesive, they rather push each other away. If a manager wants to develop a well-functioning team in our opinion a team contract is a requirement. In this contract all the rules and procedures are written down and are open to scrutiny for everyone. Most beneficial would be if the team contract is set up during the first meeting in which everyone can contribute to it. A further benefit is that the team contract prevents the omission error and therefore unethical behavior. Due to the fact that the FIS project team lacks such a contract it is no surprise that the problems and the conflicts escalates.If Rishi would have been a good leader he would set up a team contract. Furthermore the team leader Rishi lacks a lot of leadership capabilities. One of the most important tasks of a team leader is that he has to care for his team. Only when this task is properly performed the project goal (development of ERP training materials) can be reached. But as described above he failed in his duties miserably. Instead of fostering team cohesiveness he started bullying his team mates, especially Sara. When other team members hampered each other he did postcode to end this destructive decision.He could have been a mediator and facilitate as a third party between the two opposite parties. But he made it even worse and fueled the disputes. Question 4 What course concepts contributed to the teams performance failure? Explain your answer. As outlined in the previous chapters the project team faced a lot of conflicts which led to the low team performance and a team development. For a team to become successful they must share common goals and responsibilities for specific outcomes. The job of the team leader is to set these goals and establish behavioral norms within the team.As pointed out it was believed that the project team members of the FIS project possessed substantial individual technical expertise, but lacked the skill to perform together successfully, meaning that the team had all the potential to be efficiently as a team. Philly seemed to lack effort, approvals were delayed which led to frustration amongst the team members, the team was working long hours and struggled to meet deadlines. Philly failed at setting a common goal and responsibilities with specific outcomes and a direction and he did not have an enabling structure that facilitated teamwork.Philly also failed in managing the diversity, observable and unobservable similarities amongst the team. Diversity can cause misunderstanding, suspicion, and conflict in the workplace that can result in absenteeism, poor quality, low morale and loss of competitiveness as well as lowered workgroup cohesiveness. In simple terms th is is exactly what happened in the case. As a result the team lacked cohesiveness, to the degree to which members are attracted to the team and to its members and how loyal team members are to the team and to each other.This lack of cohesiveness reached its lowest point in absolute bullying. Nirmal Sara is a victim of workplace bullying by Rishi and Philly, manifested in repeated mistreatment, verbal abuse and humiliation. Teams typically progress through a series of developmental stages before performing effectively. The FIS team underwent an inadequate team development According to Tuckmans model there are five-stages for a team to form successfully. Forming in which members learn about each other and the teams goals, purpose, and lifespan. Storming team members begin establishing goals, work processes, and individual roles.Norming the team becomes more cohesive and clarifies members roles and responsibilities, team goals, and team processes. Performing the team is cohesive, produ ctive, and bring forths progress toward its goals and at last adjourning when the team disbands. Referring to the previous chapters the FIS consulting team only got through the first two stages, forming and got stuck in storming. As also explained beforehand the team began forming groups within the team and was reluctant to fill other members. The team was working as individuals in mini groups, which escalated into intra-group competitiveness, the groups compete against each other.From the start the team began focusing on achieving a high performance appraisal rating rather than working together as a team. Team members commonly formed their suggestions as in small groups separating themselves from other team members. The groups provided suggestions without consulting or briefing the rest of the team members prior to the meetings resulting in team members promoting their own agenda for the sake of a personal benefit. The team members did not seem to realize that that the project re quired integrating each individuals work into a cohesive whole as they were stuck in rivalry mindset.The team was assigned with innovation different courses, training material and preparation tasks. Each of these tasks were performed by different team members and these components would later require alignment and integration to complete the final module. So it should be obvious that resource sharing was very important to the project. Different groups of the team started refusing to share resources and critical information with the rest of the team. This eventually led to misunderstandings and disagreements amongst team members.They did not succeed in developing cohesiveness to the degree to which members were loyal to the team and to each other. So the team never got to the point of performing due to intra-group competitiveness. Because members of the team lacked cohesiveness and were not committed to the team or its goals the team performance suffered as a result. These factors le d to process loss as a consequence where the team performs worse than the individual members would have if they would have worked alone. This failure of the team development and therefore the FIS project ultimately led to a negative impact on the companys image.Question 5 What should the new team leader do? It seems quite obvious that before the new team leader does anything, he must analyze in detail what really happened at the FIS project in North America. When he has established a clear picture of what went wrong he should form a plan to prevent it from happening again and aim to increase customer and employee satisfaction in the process. One of the most striking things when reading the case is the level of autonomy the off-shore team has. How bad things could get before they were identified and dealt with at the FIS HQ.So the first thing the new team leader (and the HR department at FIS) needs to establish is clarity and a strong quality protocol for each project. He needs to in tegrate a detailed project roadmap that has frequent internal reviews, process definition, milestones and performance accountability. This system has to be redundant, so if one link in the chain fails an get down goes off and there is a B-plan to fall back on. For major milestones like a client demo a quality assurance manager has to esteem that the product meets delivery qualifications and client expectations.We assume that in this analytical exercise the same core concepts as we have highlighted in answers one to four would surface. In short, how the evaluation system generated a destructive intra-group competiveness and low cohesiveness as a result. How the poor leadership and work ethics on both senior and mid level affected motivation and caused frustration in the ranks below. How the vertical and horizontal structural conflicts generated task, goal and process conflicts that combined with poor communications tight drove this project to the ground.So the first thing would be to assess the pros and cons of the current evaluation system. The rather crude three level individual appraisal system does seem to foster internal competition and individual goal orientation that in the end is not aligned with the company goals. Without the scoring details of the internal evaluation system the result below, met or exceeded expectations seem a bit granular parameters given the complexity of the task and the size of the group.The second thing would alter it by preventing that a direct sabotage or conflicting interests like holding back information or resources could benefit individual appraisal. Then make a strong effort to align individual goals with the company ones through task performance and integrity. In addition the team leader needs to add more focus on the collective group effort and task completion as well as client and employee satisfaction. Thirdly he needs to make sure there is much higher cohesiveness in the group to generate better working morale, mo tivation, team spirit, performance and employee satisfaction.One of the things that affected the FIS project was that the group grew from a small workgroup to fully fledged team with the relevant differences in their interdependence, accountability, decision making and leadership. Sadly the cohesiveness of the team diminished sex act to the increased size of the group. As a group leader he needs to give those growing pains special attention and lead by example. He should instigate and structure various team building exercises and events to foster good group communications. This can be as simple as a group breakfast at the hotel or even just a walk in the park.And on the topic of communications, to prevent the omission and commission errors from the foregone the team leader needs to create a secure communication process where employees can report misconduct (either under name or anonymous) or and seek consultation or mediation at early stages of a potential conflict. This communica tion system needs to be able to feed up to a higher source at FIS consulting HQ in some instances, as one of the major source of problems and dysfunctional behavior were the former team leaders Philly and Rishi.Lastly the new team leader should also form a doctrine with code of ethics and behavioral norms that reflect the FIS company values, vision and culture. This document should be presented to all employees at say a team offsite event, and be proactively introduced to all new employees so they understand how their actions, big or small have an important social impact. If those conditions mentioned above were met, we believe the offshore department at FIS would be capable of taking on and completing big and complex projects and pass with flying colors.But in essence the dilemma of the new leader is the same that every team leader is faced with. To motivate his team in physiological, behavioral, cognitive and social context to curb the individuals effort into a strong team effort and strive for a common goal. To quote Al Pacino in the movie Any given Sunday And, either we heal, now, as a team, or we will die as individuals. ? Bibliography Phillips, J. M. , & Gully, S. M. (2011). Organizational Behavior. Mason, OH South-Western/Cengage Learning.

Research Papaer Essay

The bourns y let onh, teenr, youngr, and fresh tidy sum be all used to describe peck in the phase of life that marks the conversion from nipperhood to adulthood. While on that point is universal agreement on the transition from infanthood to adolescence, when exactly adolescence ends and adulthood begins is less clear as the st be on of adolescence is culture-specific and therefore different in ein truth society. In well-nigh cultures, the transition from juveniler to adult could be very short, while, in other cultures it could be longer (Govindasamy et al. 2002). The World Health Organization (WHO, 2009) defines adolescents as people immemorial 10-19 y starth as those olden between 15-24 and young people as those termd between 10 and 24 stratums darkened and teenr as people aged 13-19 years. Traore (2010) agrees that age has been used to furcate adolescents from puerilers based on their physical development. This bailiwick, however, prefer to take females i n the age group between 13 to 19 years as teenagedrs. In this study, the term adolescents was used throughout. The incidence of teenage maternity remains proud around the world.According to Nanda (2006), teenage females give birth to 15 million infants every year. Thus, teenage gestation is a concern from two a human rights and a public health perspective. Teenage maternal quality and its effect on teenage maternal quality are among the major societal problems confronting the contemporary global community (Gatara & Muriuki, 2005). In Ghana, for example, star report estimates that nearly one-third of the accouchements recorded in public hospitals occurred to women chthonic 19 years of age (Xinhua, 2006).The preponderance is higher in the rural areas and small- to-medium-sized towns which are often under-represented in the hospital birth statistics. A survey conducted by the UN Regional Institute for Population Studies reported that one out of three girls aged 15 to 19 liv ing in Ghanas substitution Region has had a child (Xinhua, 2006). Similar prevalence of teenage pregnancies fork up been described for other African countries (Mwansa et aI. , 2004). One study in Swaziland found that females aged 15-19 years accounted for 32. per cent of the total fertility (Gule, 2005). Another study reported that females in the same age group contributed 103 births per 1000 women in the Kenya (Gatara Muriuki, 2005). It has been estimated that at to the lowest degree one out of twenty girls is likely to give birth during the school-going age. Data for Botswana also show that by 2004, about 25 percent of girls 15-19 years old were already mothers (Curtis, 2008). Two years later, in 2006, 56 per cent of the girls had dropped out of secondary schools in the country due to gestation period (Mashalaba, 2009).On explaining the factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy, (Anderson, 2001) found that in shortsighted neighbourhoods, teenagers experience less control over many aspects of their lives than the non-poor.. Anderson (2001) has further reported that some impoverished teenage girls consider childbirth as a rare source of self-esteem, or a sign of growing up, while intimate conquest brings a feeling of accomplishment to some teenage boys to whom legitimate opportunities may be blocked (Farley, 2005). The discussion of teenage pregnancy and childbirth therefore, tends to characterise the problem as mainly a run around of the poor segment of society.Besides, a literature review (Lewis, 2006 2009) shows that aside poverty, factors such(prenominal) as early exposure to sexual activity, lack of sex reading, weak parental control and supervision, peer nip, low self-esteem and the need for self-fulfillment are associated with teenage pregnancy. It is in light of these factors that this study seeks to assess the factors that influence teenage pregnancy and their effects in the Sunyani Municipality in wander to help insurance makers add ress the problem. 1. 2 Problem StatementTeenage pregnancy has long been a planetary fond and educational concern for the developed, developing and underdeveloped countries. Many countries report to experience high incidence of teenage pregnancy despite the intervention st lay outgies that grow been put in place. In 2000 approximately 530,000 teenagers in the United States became pregnant, out of which 51% gave birth (Coley Chase-Lansdale, 2008). Available literature suggests that in Africa, the total fertility rate has declined to an average of 2. 9 children per woman (Dickson, 2002).A decline in fertility rates has been associated with a high use of contraceptives among women and also the legalisation of abortion in most African countries (Swartz, 2002). Despite the decline in the total fertility rate, teenage pregnancy has been found to be significantly high (Dickson, 2002). The high prevalence of teenage pregnancy in societies characterised by poverty, low education, fewer j ob opportunities and families headed by mothers who gave birth to their counterbalance children in adolescence (Dryfoos, 2006 Macleod, 2009).Teenage pregnancy is also associated with other problematic behaviors such as alcohol and drug use, and early initiation of sexual activity, which have been identified as predictors of pregnancy (Coley Chase-Lansdale, 2008). Plant and Plant (2002) reason that risk or problem behaviour is associated with fond disadvantage, poverty, shoeslessness, unemployment, bad housing, fragmented family structure and stressful life events. The youth emulate the behaviour of their parents and of their society, thus social and cultural factors influence patterns of risk taking (Plant Plant, 2002).The high incidence of teenage pregnancy has be have sex a major societal and educational concern, as it seems to uphold poverty and low levels of education (Furstenberg et al. , 2007 Morgan, 2007). Also due to changing social circumstances and note values, te enage pregnancy is a tolerated phenomenon in modern Ghanaian society. brotherly permissiveness towards sex outside marriage, and absence of serious social repercussions like isolation or exclusion sideline an out of wedlock birth, contribute to the high rate of teenage pregnancy (Parekh De La Rey, 2007).It has also been argued by Preston-Whyte and Zondi (2002) that the high value placed on fertility and education encourages adolescent girls to aspire for both motherhood and academic qualifications. The high cultural value placed on education and fertility is seen as a contributory factor to the prevalence of teenage pregnancy (Preston-Whyte Zondi, 2002). Education and the link employment prospects enhances the possibility of improved quality of life and thus may be one of the factors that encourage adolescent to continue with school afterwards child birth (Kaufman et al. , 2001).Even though pregnant teenagers may not officially be prevented from remaining at school, realistical ly, due to the demands of parenting, they may be forced to drop out of school, for example, in instances where there is no one to look after the child while the teenage mother continues with her schooling. sometimes the pregnant teenager feels isolated from her peers. She may be embarrassed by her condition and have difficulty fitting in with her non-pregnant peers and as a result may drop out of school. Parenting teenagers often have to deal with strained family relationships. Sometimes parents react with anger to the pregnant teenagers.She may be blamed or ostracised for causing a problem (Cervera, 2004). Consequently, she may not get assistance and support from her family members forcing her to drop out of school in order to raise her child. base on the aforementioned problems and its effect on the teenager, child, family and the society, this study seeks to assess the factors that influence teenage pregnancy and their effects in the Sunyani Municipality in order to help policy makers address the problem. It has been established that there has not been any similar study concerning teenage pregnancy and their effects on teenagers at the Sunyani Zongo community.Although there have been numberless cases of teenage pregnancy in the community depriving touch teenagers from furthering their basic education. The aged in the community based on interaction with the researcher revealed that people come to the community to seek the support of the residents in response to their questionnaires, their projects aimed at other relevant community colligate problems but none of them is focused on teenage pregnancy. 1. 3 Justification of the breeding Little attention has been given to mental variables and processes that predict the occurrence of teenage pregnancy (Coley Chase-Lansdale, 2008).Most literature focuses on social factors, which predispose teenagers to falling pregnant. Pregnancy may cause psychological distress, as it is often associated with dropping out of school, either before or shortly after childbirth (Zondi, 2002). Teenage mothers are much likely to present with symptoms of depression when compared with their non-parenting peers and older mothers (Kalil Kunz, 2000). The transition to motherhood puts teenagers at a greater risk for psychological distress because they are socially, cognitively and emotionally immature to be intimate with the demands of motherhood.This study examines the experiences of pregnant learners, both in a scholastic and personal mise en scene. It assesses how these learners are affected by the demands of coexisting motherhood and adolescence. There appears to be little research done on how Ghanaian pregnant adolescent learners perceive their situation and how they cope with the demands of adolescence and of motherhood. The results drawn from the study would form a basis for further research on the psychological effects of pregnancy during teenagers and may also be of value to designing intervention s trategies. 1. 4 Research ObjectivesThe study focused on the following objectives. 1. 5 General Objective To assess the factors that influence teenage pregnancy and their effects in the Sunyani Municipality (SM) in order to recommend policy actions for policy makers. 1. 5. 1 Specific objectives This study intended To assess the influence of socio-economic locating on teenage pregnancy To identify the effect of peer pressure on teenage pregnancy and To examine mussiness media exposure and its effect on teenage pregnancy. To assess the effects of teenage pregnancy in the Sunyani Municipality. To make recommendations based on the findings of the study. . 5 Research Questions Based on the specific objectives of the study, the research seeks answers to the following questions What is the influence and effects of socio-economic precondition on teenage pregnancy in the SM? What are the influences and effects of peer pressure on teenage pregnancy in the SM? How does the mass media exposur e impact on teenage pregnancy? What are the consequences of teenage pregnancy in the Sunyani Municipality? 1. 6 Significance of the Study The outcome of this study will succeed useful information about the psychological well- cosmos of pregnant teenagers.This will assist mental health professionals in developing appropriate psycho-educational programmes to address the psychosocial challenges associated with teenage pregnancy and motherhood. Furthermore, the findings of the study will help to inform public debate that could path to the development of appropriate policies on how to deal with the challenge of teenage pregnancy and motherhood. Also victims of teenage pregnancy will get the opportunity to disclose information about their experiences in order to help in their addressing problems.Considering the nature of this study, including student affairs professionals, counsellors or psychologists, and those interested in womans issues would be assisted to identify the factors assoc iated with teenage pregnancy in the Sunyani Municipality and their effects on the teenager, the child and the society. Future researchers, who would study into determinants of teenage pregnancy in the Municipality, would also have a complement or a basis for their literature review. Finally, the research is likely to raise questions leading to further research. 1. 7 Scope of the StudyFor feasibility purposes, the study focused on how socio-economic status peer pressure and early exposure to sexual activity by the mass media influence teenage pregnancy and their effects on the teenager, child and the society. The study considered school going teenagers who dropped out of school due to teenage pregnancy in the Sunyani Municipality. In the study, a pregnant teenager was pregnant girl aged 13 to 19 years. Besides, psychological effects in this study referred to the presence of symptoms related to somatic complaints, anxiety and insomnia, social isolation, and depression.The current stud y focused on pregnant teenagers who were drawn from the Sunyani Municipality who attended antenatal clinic (ANC) at the Sunyani Municipal Hospital (SMH) during the period of data collection. 1. 7 Delimitation Even though the study was carried out in Sunyani Municipality, concentration was on teenagers at Sunyani Zongo community considering the fact that they have stake in the topic understudy. This research was conducted within the following parameters the influence and effects of socio-economic status on teenage pregnancy he influence and effects of peer pressure on teenage pregnancy the influence and effects of mass media exposure on teenage pregnancy the consequences of teenage pregnancy on teenagers. 1. 8 Organisation of the Chapters The research is in five different chapters. In the firstly chapter, an insight is given as to what the study is all about with the statement of research problem, research questions and objectives, significance of the study, limitations of the study , and the organization of the essay. In the second chapter, an overview of relevant materials related to the study is discussed.In the third chapter, the researcher presents the methodology used in the study chapter 4 will focus on the presentation and summary of data, and the last chapter will look at the conclusions and recommendations. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction This chapter reviewed several selected studies which relate to the topic. The chapter focused on literature related to socio-economic status and teenage pregnancy peer pressure and teenage pregnancy, mass media exposure and teenage pregnancy as well as the effects of teenage pregnancy 2. 2 Socio-economic status and Teenage PregnancyIt has been revealed that teenage pregnancy is often associated with low socio-economic status ( Dryfoos, 2006). Economically disadvantaged teenagers are characterised by low levels of education and lack of employment opportunities (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002). Certain f amily characteristics have also been identified as factors that put teenagers at risk of becoming pregnant in early life. Factors such as poverty, single parent families especially the female headed households, poorly improve parents have been associated with teenage pregnancy (Furstenberg et al. , 2007).Teenagers from one-parent headed families are apt to suffer from deprivations that may lead them to seek affection, security and a sense of significance elsewhere (Chillman, 2006). There are two contrasting views on the subject of single parenting. In some sources it is argued that most parenting adolescents have been found to come from impoverished single parent families, which are often headed by a female (Swartz, 2002). In the other source, children embossed in single parent families are more likely to have been victims of an unstable family environment, have experienced a divorce or parental battle (Russell, 2004).Negative family environment plays a major role in contributing to early teenage sexual experience and teenage pregnancy (Cunningham & Boult, 2002 Macleod, 2009). A familys low economic status with all the factors associated with it, impacts negatively on teenagers attitudes towards early pregnancy. Life experiences associated with poverty minimise the perceived repercussions of adolescent pregnancy (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002). Andorka (2008) stated that people with higher income show lower fertility levels at the earlier stage of socioeconomic development than people with lower income.Other basics of economic conditions such as economic security also seem to have a significant influence on teenage pregnancy (Andorka, 2008). A study by Kamal (2009) showed that a significant negative relation was found between teenage motherhood and the wealth index. About three out of four women with a poor wealth index started childbearing before they reached the age of nineteen. Choe et al. (2001) showed that womans education was significantly related to th e probability of child bearing before the age of 20.The results of a study by Were (2007) also showed that teenage pregnancies were perpetuated by poor educational access as women with low levels of education tended to be the victims of teenage birth. Because educated woman were more likely to participate in the labour force than their uneducated or lower educated counterparts, women who were working also tended to delay their first marriage and first birth compared with those women who were not working. In Ghana, Bogue (2009) argue that education showed a stronger and more consistent relationship with teenage pregnancy.The level of education of women is a socioeconomic indicator which is frequently found to be negatively related to teenage pregnancy. This is because educated women tend to marry and use contraception later compared to women who have a low level of education (Bongaarts, 2008). Furthermore, Cochrane (2009) also stated that education was positively related to more favo urable attitudes toward birth control, greater knowledge of contraception, and husband-wife communication. Thus, concerning the context of the study, it assumes that the level of educational attainment of women may affect the timing of childbearing among women. . 3 Peer Pressure and Teenage Pregnancy Preston-Whyte & Zondi (2002) found that schoolmates exerted a voltaic pile of pressure on their peers to engage in sexual relations. Some studies have found that teenagers often cite their peers as macrocosm of strong influence on their sexual behaviour (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002 Chillman, 2006). Teenagers need for approval and a desire to belong to a group makes them vulnerable to peer influence thereby leading to them to teenage pregnancy (Kamal, 2009). Nowadays teenagers preferred position is to stay away from their parents, to avoid to be controlled by parents.They rather listen to their peers than to their parents. Bezuidenhout (2002) said that during that time norms and values taught by parents start to fade out and are replaced by liberal sexual values orientated by peers. Preston-Whyte and Zondi (2002) mentioned that peer pressure plays a role in teenage pregnancy. Buga et al. (2006) found that 20% of girls and 10% of boys respectively indicated that they had initiated sexual activity because of peer pressure. Wood et al. (2006) said peer pressure takes a form of exclusionary practices (e. g. displace sexually inexperienced teenagers away when having discussions concerning sexual matters).Again Mfono (2008) indicated that one of the dynamics operative in sexual relations is that girls and young women are under pressure to demonstrate that they are sexually capable of giving birth. Furthermore, Rozakis (2003) believed that many teens are pushed by their friends into doing something they are not ready for, and really do not scan that peer pressure can be a very strong and persuasive force for sexual relations during adolescence. Peer association has be en indicated as one of the strongest predictors of adolescent sexual behaviour and teenage pregnancy (DiBlasio & Benda, 2004).Youth that do not engage in sex tend to have friends who also abstain. Those that are sexually active tend to believe that their friends are sexually active as well. Males, particularly those over 16, report more pressure from peers to be sexually active while females report more pressure from partners (Guggino & Ponzetti, 2007). Moore and Rosenthal (2003) pointed to the following ways peer influence can operate Through sharing of information, which can coif as a guide in decision-making about sex (this may include inaccurate information).Through prevailing attitudes about sexuality (implicitly reflected in their behaviour and serving as a role model or explicitly stated in discussions etc. ). For example, there is some research evidence that the age of first intercourse is related to the perceived peer approval of premarital intercourse (Daugherty & Burger, 2004). 2. 4 Mass media exposure and Teenage Pregnancy Lucas (2004) stated that the age at first marriage is the one of the determinants of fertility and is classed as the intercourse variable. Early entry into marriage or a union is considered to be strongly connected with early child bearing.The supposition is that it will expose women to regular sexual intercourse through the mass media, and therefore increase the possibility of macrocosm (Mahy & Gupta, 2002). Gupta and Leite (2009) stated that access to the media was found to be the most significant predictor of fertility among young adult women in Brazil based on an analysis of DHS data. In this region, the mass media are believed to play an important role in promoting social attitudes about fertility and reproductive behaviours, especially given the countrys linguistic homogeneity (Gupta & Leite, 2009).It can be assumed that women who are used to being exposed to mass media are likely to understand the risks of teenage mothe rhood, and, as a result, they tend to delay their pregnancies. It is clear from different sources that the media often plays a major role in influencing teenage pregnancy. Parents can hardly consistently proctor what programmes their teenagers are watching. Rozakis (2003) believed that television is the main source of sexual socialization in many teenagers lives in the USA.According to A Rozakis (2003), in a single year there were 20, 000 sexual messages on television used to sell almost anything you can imagine cars, travel, soft drinks, toothpaste, and clothing. Television also shows six times more extramarital sex than sex between husbands and wives. During the absence of any elderly person children become bored and want to experiment with many things including exploring TV bring as source of entertainment. Devenish et al. (2002) agreed that the media also portray sex as fun and exciting.Bezuidenhout (2004) added that sexually arousing material, whether it is on film, in print o r set to music, is freely available to the teenager and such information is often presented out of the context of the prescribed sexual norms of that society. Schultz (2004), in his empirical study, suggested that sex educators, social workers, other dowery professionals, and parents should work together to counteract distortions that affect adolescents sexual development and sexual growth, and professionals and parents need to recognize the reality and power of the media as an influence on sexual growth.All of the above can influence teenagers behaviour and encourage them to experiment with sex which will lead to unwanted teenage pregnancies (Schultz, 2004). Similarly, Moore and Rosenthal (2003) pointed out that television, films and other forms of media have removed a lot of the mystery surrounding sex by increasingly explicit portrayal of sexual acts, which can provide a model of sexual behaviour. The stereotypic portrayals often do not provide positive role models with hedonist ic values rather than responsibility being promoted (e. g. planning for sex being rarely included) (Moore, 2000).According to McCabe (20055), the medias message is that teenagers should be sexually experienced. 2. 5 Effects of Teenage Pregnancy Teenage pregnancy has been associated with a number of negative effects, hence it is perceived as a social problem (Furstenberg et al. , 2007 Macleod, 2009). In medical literature it has been associated with obstetrics problems such as high infant and maternal mortality, risks of clandestine abortion, delivery complications and low infant birth weight (Dickson, 2002). Other complications for the teenage mother are limited educational opportunities, self-determination and a poor quality of life (Prater, 2002).At the broader social level the high teenage fertility rate has been found to have a negative effect on the economic development (Varga, 2003). Some young mothers do not get support from their families. They may be forsweared by their fa milies and blamed for introducing a permanent crisis (Hudson & Ineichen, 2001 Cervera, 2004). In a situation where there was a pre-existing interpersonal problem, there is a potential that tension dexterity be orchestrated (Dryfoos, 2006). Therefore conflict may arise between the pregnant daughter and other members of the family.Some sources have reported positive results, indicating that sometimes a family reorganises itself in order to adjust to the new member of the family (Cervera, 2004). The family may react with dismay or anger when they discover about the pregnancy, but when the bumble is born the family may become the source of support for the mother (Moore, 2000). Positive family support has been associated with emotional adjustment and mental stability for both mother and child (Camerana et al. , 2008). According to Kalil and Kunz (20088) young mothers who lived with a supportive family tended to cope better.In the Ghanaian context, a child of an unmarried mother belongs to its mothers family (Burman, 2002). It is very unlikely that her family will reject a teenage mother (Kaufman et al. , 2001). Most communities no longer practice acts of exclusion to the unmarried mother and her child (Parekh & De La Rey, 2007). In her review of mho African studies on teenage pregnancy, Macleod (20099) stated that teenage mothers reported a perceived improvement in the relationship with their parents. Parents were reported to relate to teenage mothers as adults. Thus parenthood gave the teenage mothers an entry to adulthood (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002).Prater (2002) stated that teenage pregnancy and subsequent parenting could create major obstacles to any learners achievements at school. Thus, pregnant learners are impaired by their situation. Even though they have as much potential for academic success as their non-parenting cohorts, there are multidimensional causes for their academic stroke. Many investigations have shown that early pregnancy hinders educat ional attainment. Erikson (2004) reported that teenage mothers exhibited a syndrome of failure, which included a failure to remain in school. Pregnant learners are more likely to drop out of school for at least an academic year.The dual role of being a mother and a learner is stressful (Parekh & De La Rey, 2007) and impinges on school achievement. School attendance, is also disturbed by such things as babysitting arrangements and the health of the child. Furstenberg et al. (2007) referred to what is termed role overload. He defined role overload as the strain that exists when the teenage mother simultaneously attempts to meet the demands of parenting and schooling. Parenting learners cannot participate in experiences enjoyed by their peers, for example, extra-curricular activities, which can add much value to the total school experience of most teenagers.Despite these hardships schooling emerged as important (Prater, 2002). Depression has been fit with teenage pregnancy (Hamburg, 2 006). Parenting teenagers are more likely to present with higher levels of depression when compared with non-parenting adolescents and older mothers. In most literature psychological distress among adolescent mothers is perceived as resulting from psychosocial stressors related to the adjustment into the role of being the mother (Kalil & Kunz, 2000). In some literature it is argued that teenage girls are predisposed to depression (Galambos, 2004).It is postulated that teenage girls are more prone to experiencing mothers of the same ethnic and socio-economic status had similar findings (Field et al. , 2006 Hudson & Ineichen, 2001). It was found that infants of teenage mothers are more likely to receive less communicative stimulation and to have developmental delays. These negative effects were associated with the fact that teenage mothers had limited knowledge of developmental milestones and held punitive child rearing attitudes. Literature concludes that teenage mothering is contri butory to poor cognitive development of the child.Low education levels of the mother, poor socioeconomic status and negative attitudes towards child rearing are correlated with the childs poor developmental outcome (Field et al. , 2006). Cunningham and Boult (2006) also postulated that the young mothers immaturity, social inexperience and lack of child rearing skills have a negative effect on the child. The young mother and her off-spring are at a risk of becoming victims of crime like incest, rape, neglect, abuse, family violence and of participation in criminal activities such as drug trafficking, prostitution etc.In the Ghanaian context the teenage mother often resides in her parental home (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002) and the child is often in the care of an adult during the day either the grandmother or at an alternative day care. This implies that the child of a teenager is more than likely to receive parenting from an adult mother figure and to profit from this interaction ( Camerana et al. , 2008). Multiple care giving has also been found to be of benefit for the mother. While an adult is looking after the child, the mother gets the opportunity to attend to other responsibilities thus alleviating the stressors for the mother.

eBay: The Global Strategy

Pierre Omidyar, a computer programmer, developed the platform of eBay and introduced it to the World Wide Web in 1995. (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2007) Omidyars goals and objectives in designing the user interface of eBay was grounded on his idea of opening the industry of commercialize auctions to wider populations of buyers and sellers that link up by the Internet.Moreover, his idea of an online marketplace for buyers and sellers was based upon his vision of equal competition among sellers, eliminating the discrepancies on how sellers are competing in the real market structure for the purpose of attracting the attention of buyers and overpowering their competitors. For Omidyar, eBay balances the playing field for altogether sellers and provides equal opportunities of purchase for the buyers. (Gopalkrishnan & Gupta, N. D. )Although Omidyar was able to lapse the competition within the realistic sphere of eBay, eBay Inc. was experiencing the surge of competition from other virtual commercial establishments that were designed under the aforesaid(prenominal) framework of eBays market auction. In addition, eBay, as a business organization, mandatory to cope with the challenges of the globalization, thus, the development of strong and stable globalization strategy for eBay as supported by its summation competency and its configured and coordinated entertain fibril. (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2007)The core competencies of eBay constitute the unique platform or design of eBay as an online marketplace that sets it apart from other virtual business organizations establishing its competitive advantage in terms of operate or offerings, eBays valuing of establishing trust among its clients and assuring the safety and security of being involved in online auctions facilitated by the organization, the value or significance that eBay grants market efficiency, and one of the primary goals of eBay to establish partnerships with other organizations to foste r network benefits and productivity. Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2007) These core competencies have established whatsoever of the strategies that eBay has implemented over the years in order to obtain competitive advantage and fulfill the goals and objectives of the organization. mayhap the most successful strategy which has helped sustain the egression and development of eBay was its opening of services of an online open market for everyone who needs to tie up with the platform of eBay in order to sell or buy goods or products from different parts of the world.This has widened the client base of eBay, realizing one of its core competencies, that is its uniqueness in being able to establish a marketplace that is open to all despite the distance. (Gopalkrishnan & Gupta, N. D. ) In addition, according to a report released by eBay in 2006 in order to discuss its global strategies for continued growth and development of the business, through its acquisitions of other organizations , such as PayPal (eBay, 2009a), and its development of other virtual services that assist in the facilitation of services provided by eBay.Some of these services include Skype which is a communication tool that buyers and sellers around the world may use to communicate. eBay has also realized that in order to uphold its core competency of market efficiency, it needed to implement a multi-branding strategy to capture a larger market population. This was accomplished through its development of Shopping. om and other Marketplaces such as eBay stores, ProStores, and such. (eBay, 2009b) Reviewing the value chain configuration and coordination of eBay, the decision to structure this particular system was motivated by the platform of eBay considering what drives the business that is, the buyers and the sellers and the surgical operationes that facilitate business practices and trading operations.Apparently, the value chain model of eBay constitutes volt tiers of factors or features, s tarting from the legal aspect of the business, to its management of finances, the human capital of the organization, the technical department of the organization which keeps eBay up and running online, and most importantly, the process and operations involved in running eBay. This process starts with marketing, to the transfer of information from sellers to buyers, the process of auctioning products of goods, the payment, and the review of accountability and reliability of eBay and sellers to provide for the needs and demands of buyers. Schmidl, 2006) The configuration and coordination of eBays value chain was based on the logical analysis of how eBay will commence operations, especially since the organization is run by the buyers and sellers who are involved in the process of keeping organizational operations. The analysis of eBays value chain establishes the fact that it is virtual and not real since the process of marketing up until peer reviews is correct online.From marketing eBay, to the transfer of information and facilitation of communication between buyers and sellers, the auction and payment process, until the peer reviews regarding accountability and reliability of eBay and sellers, is done through online tools and applications that constitute the platform of eBay. Perhaps this is one of the many reasons why the particular process identified as eBays value chain adds value and advantage to eBay, since it is able to provide services virtually to global networks without offering chores and difficulties to buyers and sellers.The analysis of eBays core competencies, strategies, and its value chain proves that they are no different from what eBay has implemented ten years ago. Until today, the strategies industrious by eBay are based on its mission of providing an online open market for everyone to buyers and sellers eliminating competition and the challenges that constitute to the establishment of concrete business establishments that operate in the same manner. eBay has made it easy for individuals to operate a business and purchase specific goods or products.However, eBay has to continue in developing its platform if it hopes to grow in the interest years, based on the threats and challenges posed by some issues that eBay clearly needs to addressed as mentioned by Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan (2007). These challenges suggests that eBay should be able to raise its cultural sensitivity, addressing the problem of language barriers, the implementation of legal laws and policies to regulate overall eBay operations, and its modification of its virtual value chain, applying concepts of real value chain in order to address the digital divide.

Early Childhood Education and Children Essay

Are there any benefits for children stay one of p atomic number 18nt with them at home? Mothers who stay at home are helpful for their family. Many mothers prefer to give their children to their mothers, but if there is not grandmother to care child, that will be problem especially if the child is take over baby or infant. Mothers are compelled to find a place to put their child there. Many kinds of places that may mothers join their child to stay there and to fox education, such as to educational settings which consist of primal child education, pre-school, nursery school, and pre-kindergar cardinal.Also, there are many places to get care and education for children nanny, governess, babysitting, au pair, and elongate family, for example. In fact, mothers decision that choosing stay with her children at home or going to work and joining her children in convenient place, is important critical for her. A mother who stays at house are more prob adequate to reserve time to be invol ved with their children. Those mothers who stay home is able to become more completely involved their children activities.For example, mother will give carful and interest for her children. Moreover, many people mention to needs childhood such as feeding, sustenance, and nurturing. Most women have been housewife to be breadwinners, and to be caretakers. Child care can cost up to $15,000 for one year in the United States. near six out of every ten children, or almost 12 million children, age five and younger, are being jointly cared for by parents and early childhood educators, relatives, or other child-care providers (Lynn, 2002).Indeed, many societies have been assumed that women will stay home and take care of their children while their spouses go out and work. In addition, woman pregnancy suffers to go out and doing hard work many hours without rest times, but when she stay home will get time to have rest and lying. Many mothers work to be ready for unexpected situations like a husbands unemployment, husbands death, a divorce, or sickness. In fact, nobody wants to be working more than eight hours a day and missing his or her family life.In encouragement of mothers who want to work, Dr. Phil says that many mothers optimism to be a parent and pursue an occupation and they often become miserable when they are stuck just in a parenting capacity. If the child is mothered by a parent who is aroma frustrated and depressed and empty, that is not a good thing, he says. Even though some parents are now separated, father continues in the role of primary election caregiver to his children, while mother continue to support her family. A man is not hard to give up the traditional role as breadwinner.However, A woman can be more responsibility to earn money and take care for her family. A lot of women have been socialized to be military service workers for their societies, not solely to be housewife. Some time a man feels difficult to abdicate some things like giving up self-worth, feelings of masculinity and in the flesh(predicate) power. It can be tough on men, especially in the beginning. In conclusion, its these deeper issues. Making the decision to stay home with your children or join the men can be a difficult process. It appears approximating employed moms just cant success.Every woman has dream to be effective in her party and earn money, but she will face challenges with her care children. Sources 1. Dr. Phil http//drphil. com/articles/article/284 2. Olson, Lynn (2002). According to the 2002 Quality Counts survey conducted by Education Week, approximately six out of every ten children, or almost 12 million children, age five and younger, are being jointly cared for by parents and early childhood educators, relatives, or other child-care providers. starting line Early. Education Week 21 (17) 1011. Retrieved 24 November 2012.

Pvsyst Tutorial

PV-SYST Tutorials All the tutorials in this series get out teach you how to use the basic functions of PV-SYST to design a PV dodging. This place of tutorials works through how to use the softwargon in both preliminary and project design modes. The primer for this tutorial testament be to design a PV musical arrangement that fits on the area defined by the LDK roof of the model used in the Ecotect_Tutorial. A 30 day full functioning salute version of the program burn be downloaded from the PV-SYST website.Figure 1 presents the first step screen for PV-SYST upon starting the program. From this initial window you can choose whether to undertake an analysis via preceding design or Project design mode. Figure 1 Opening screen for PV-SYST1. Start PV-SYST from StartAll ProgramsPV-SYST. The icon for PV-SYST is presented to the right.2. carry Preliminary form from the available options. This ordain bring up a new panel called formation.3. need Grid-Connected in the System pa nel. Then select OK to delay.4.A new pop-up window title Grid system presizing project will step up, as presented in Figure 2. Click on the Location button to go.5. A 2nd pop-up window will appear called projects location. In the Project name call the file PV-SYST tutorial location Melbourne6. Under the Location heading change the situate entry to Melbourne Meteonorm.7. Leave the other default parameters, and click OK to continue. Note In this preliminary design we are going to assume that there is no near or far shading on our designed PV system.8.In the Grid system presizing project window select the System button.9. This opens another pop-up window titled System Specifications Note In preliminary design mode you have three options to design the system.System size can be set by 1) energetic area 2) Nominal spring or 3) Annual yield.Figure 2 Pop-up window Grid system presizing project 10. 11. 12. 13. Select Active area (m2) as the regularity to determine the system size. Th is will bring up a field titled Area enter the area 54m2. This is the area of the LDK roof. Enter 3 for slant and 180 for azimuth, i. e. ndicating that the roof is sloping towards south. Click the Next button to continue. Note Within the System Specification window you can quickly view how your system urinates losses in comparison to a system with optimum tilt and orientation.In this scenario the loss with respect to the optimum is 12. 2%. 14. In the next window of the System Specification wizard select the module type and specifications. For this tutorial select a. Module Type Standard b. Technology Polycrystalline c. Mounting disposition frontlet or tilt roof d. Ventilation property Ventilation . Click OK to continue. This will take you back to the Grid system presizing project window 15. Select Results in the Grid system presizing project window. A new pop-up window titled results will appear. 16. The default results page appears as presented in Figure 3. From this window you can see the nominal magnate and annual yield from the system. 17. Click on the third graphical icon button (which looks like a table) located down the left hand side of the results page, as highlighted by the blue circle in Figure 3. This will bring up the results in table format. 18.The results page should now display the results on a monthly basis, for the level of insolation falling on a panoramatal flat solid and on the tilted plane that you designed your system on (i. e. 3 sloping facing south). 19. The results also present on a monthly basis the output of the PV system. Note the results for a PV system designed on 54m2 area at 3 sloping facing south achieves annual output of 6835 kWh. further an optimally designed system at 30 degrees tilt facing north can achieve an annual output of 7787 kWh for the same array area. whence our system has a loss of 12. % compared to optimal tilt and orientated system. Figure 3 Results page for Preliminary Design mode Project Design 1. Up on opening PV-SYST select the Project Design option under the Option heading. Note If you are continuing from the following tutorial, close all the open windows to return to the main(prenominal) PV-SYST window that was presented in Figure 1. 2. Select Grid-Connected under the System heading and click OK to continue. This will bring up a new pop-up window pictured as presented in Figure 4. 3. If you wish to save a copy of your file, click on the Project button and fill in the various(prenominal) details.For this tutorial we will not worry about saving any details. 4. Click on the Project Button then click on the range and Meteo button. This will bring up a pop-up window titled Project Situation and Meteo. Make the following adjustments a. Country Australia b. Site Melbourne Meteonorm c. Meteo File Melbourne_syn. met Melbourne, Synthetic hourly data. d. Click Next to continue. Then click Ok in the new pop-up window that appears e. Finally click Back (Calculation) to return to the m ain window. Figure 4 Project window for Project Design mode. 5. Click on the Orientation button 6.Within the Orientation pop-up window change the following parameters a. Plane tilt 3 degrees b. Azimuth 180 degrees c. Field Type Fixed Tilted Plane. d. Leave the other parameters at default settings and click OK to continue Note The horizon tool is used to designate shading elements that appear off in the horizon that will block out access to the sun. For example a cumulus or mountain may block out all the afternoon sun. For this tutorial there is no Horizon shading. 7. Click on Near blending. This element defines elements that are close to the PV array which can cause shading on the system. 8.In this tutorial we will construct a 3D scene to point the shading surrounding the PV system we want to put on the LDK roof of the Ecotect tutorial house. 9. Click on the face/Perspective button. This will bring up a drawing window as presented in Figure 5. 10. First we will draw a rough versi on of the LDK zone to place the PV plane. Select ObjectNewElementary Shading Object from the main toolbar menu. 11. Under the Parameters heading change the following elements e. Shape type Select House, asymmetric roof from the drop down package f. Width (DX) 8. 1m g. Length (DY) 7m h. Height at top 2. 9m i. crownwork 1 tilt angle 3 degrees j. Roof 2 tilt angle 3 degrees k. Roof 1 ratio 0 m l. Click Ok to continue. This will put the building we just dimensioned in the modelling window. Figure 5 Construction/Perspective drawing window Note You always need to check the orientation of any plane or building you draw. The building you just force will have the slope pointing in the west direction. Click on the element you want to adjust, then select ObjectPosition in scene from the main toolbar menu. This will make an object positioning toolbar active in the top right hand corner of the modelling window as presented in Figure 6.Figure 6 Building object in modelling window with object po sitioning toolbar active. 12. Within the Object Positioning toolbar change the Azimuth entry from zero to 90 degrees. 13. Next we will include the tree that causes shading. Select ObjectNewElementary shading object from the main toolbar. 14. Under the Parameters heading change the following elements m. Shape type direct n. Medium-point height 2. 7m o. Medium height 2. 7m p. Low part height 2m q. Trunk height 2m r. Medium diameter 4m s. Trunk diameter 0. 5m t. Click OK to continue u. Move the tree position 11. 5m in the north direction and 3. m in the east direction 15. Next we will include the Neighbouring buildings that may cause shading. Select ObjectNewElementary shading object from the main toolbar. 16. Under the Parameters heading change the following elements v. Shape type Parallelepipede w. Width (DX) 11. 3m x. Length (DY) 11. 5m y. Height 5m 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. z. Click OK to continue aa. Move the neighbouring building 12. 8 m east and 3. 4m south Repeat and create a second neighbour building 3m high, 10. 2m wide, 14. 1m long and explode 26. 77m west and 12. 3m south. Next we will draw in the PV Surface plane.Select ObjectNew Rectangular PV Plane Under the collector plane heading change the following elements bb. Nb. Of rectangles 1 cc. Plane Tilt 3 degrees dd. Width 8. 1m ee. Length 7 ff. Click OK to continue Adjust the Positioning of the PV plane to gg. Tilt 3 degrees hh. Azimuth 180 degrees ii. West 7m jj. Height 2. 5m Now you have detailed the plane the PV is located on and the elements that can possibly cause shading. Your drawing window should appear as presented in Figure 7. Figure 7 Shading scene for PV located on 3 degree sloping facing south 22. Select FileClose.This will return you to the near shading window Note If you already have a built shading file you can load it at a time into the Near Shading window by clicking the Open button under the model library heading, and selecting the near shading scene. Only files that are located in the file location CProgram DataPV systDataShadings can be opened. 23. Select the Table button to generate the shading factors calculated from the model just built. formerly generated close the window. 24. You can view the effects of the shading on an Iso-shading curve by selecting the Graph button located under the Linear (rough) Shading doer heading.Figure 8 presents the results. 25. In the Near shading pop-up window select Ok to continue. Figure 8 Iso shading diagram from PV-SYST for the shading model built 26. In the Project window now select the System button. This will open up the Grid system definition window 27. In the Grid system definition window select or available area as the method to define the system size. Type in 54m2. 28. In the Project Design mode you have the ability to select the actual brand, type and size of module you want in your system. 29. For this tutorial select Sort Modules by exponent.The PV Modules are then ordered by Watt peak output and voltage. You c an choose which ever module you would like to test for your system. For this tutorial, lets select the SunPower 200Wp 34V Si-mono Modules. 30. The next step is to select the inverter. Sort the inverter list via Manufacturer and scroll down to the top of the available Sun Power inverters. Note PV-SYST can automatically determine the number of modules in series and the number of strings per inverter, and the number of inverters required, based on your module and inverter selection.It should be noted however, that the majority of combinations are not compatible. PV- SYST has a grey indicator box, as highlighted by the green square in Figure 9 that provides detail about your chosen combination. For example, if a message in red text is displayed, the combination chosen is not viable, i. e. The Sun Power models we chose in combination with 30kW 420-800V Sunways inverter achieve a message that reads The inverter power is strongly oversized. If a message in orange text is displayed, the com bination is potentially viable, but there are likely to be divulge combinations. . e. The SunPower models we chose in combination with the 3. 3kW 195 550V SunPower inverter achieves a message that reads The inverter power is slightly oversized or with the 5. 2kW 240-450V Sun Power inverter achieves an orange message that reads The array Vmpp at 60C is lower than the inverter minimum operating voltage. The best combinations of PV modules and inverters occur when no message is received. For example the combination of the Sun Power modules we chose with the 4kW 195-550V Sun Power inverter. 31.Choose the Sun Power inverter that is rated at 4kW 195-550V SPR-4000x 32. This combination of PV modules and inverter results in a system that requires two inverters, with 7 modules in series and six strings. 33. Select OK to continue 34. In the Project window select the Simulation button. This will open the Simulation pop-up window. 35. Accept the default parameters and click on the Simulation b utton to begin the calculation process. 36. Click the OK button once the simulation calculation process is complete. This will bring up the Results window